From a broad perspective of networking, understanding the basics of routers and switches can be particularly useful. Each piece of equipment contributes towards the making of a network, but both are often confused for one another, because of their distinct purposes, features, and functions. This can greatly impact planning and adjustments that need to be made for a corporate network (or your home network). Understanding how routers and switches operate, as well as their differences, adds to the value of communication optimization, security improvement, and connectivity on a multitude of devices. The following article attempts to differentiate between routers and switches so that your options and choices can be made with a clearer view of the distinctions and applications of each device.
What’s the Difference Between Routers and Switches?
There is a distinction between routers and switches in terms of their functions in a network. A router is used to interconnect various networks, and it forwards data packets to their respective endpoints. A practical example would be connecting a local area network (LAN) to the internet through a router. Conversely, a switch functions in a single network; it receives data from the computer and then sends that data to printers and servers. Routers and switches have complementary functions. Routers manage the flow of data coming from outside the local area network, and the switches are in charge of organizing the exchange of information among the internal devices. Both devices are useful when building a network because of the value they add to the network.
Key Functions of Routers vs Switches
Router Functions:
Links different networks and routes data packets in and out of networks.
Allows a local network to communicate with external networks (the internet).
Performs various functions on Network Security, Firewalls, and Traffic Filtering.
Switch Functions:
Works in only one Local area network (LAN) by controlling the flow of data to and from the connected devices.
Ensures communication through switching of data packets based on the address of the device.
Lowers computer networking traffic by dividing congestion in the region of the LAN.
How Routers and Switches Connect in a Network
The architecture of contemporary computer networks is based on the collaboration of routers and switches in enabling communications on a local area network (LAN) as well as with the Internet. Types of devices, including, printers and servers, as well as computers, can be found in a single company. It is common practice to connect these devices to a network using switches. Each device in the network is given a unique identifier known as a Media Access Control number (MAC). Switches can send data packets to the correct MAC address which also minimizes collisions and ensures efficient network performance.
The router’s responsibility is to link the local area network (LAN) to the rest of the world through the Internet, allowing broadened access to external networks. Routers also can manage data traffic within a network and outside it using Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. In a corporate setup, for instance, routers enable the exchange of data between different branch offices through Wide Area Network (WAN) traffic.
To achieve efficient traffic distribution and promote scalability, routers and switches are often combined in hierarchical network structures. High-speed routers are connected by core switches and are responsible for managing backbone traffic while access switches provide connectivity for individual devices. This multi-tiered approach guarantees the strategic architectural requirements of bandwidth, delay, and redundancy that are vital for business-critical applications. VLSMs (Virtual Local Area Switched Networks) also further improve security and performance by partitioning traffic for other optimization purposes. More advanced technologies such as modern switch and router designs have been shown to contribute to an increase of up to 35% throughput in already congested networks, underlining the significance of these components in contemporary network infrastructures.
Visual Explanation of the Two Network Products
1. Switches
In the creation of a Local Area Network (LAN), switches are powerful tools regarding efficiency, scaling, versatility, and security. Each switch works at Layer 2 or Data Link Layer of the OSI model which means they use MAC addresses to determine which device a data packet must be forwarded to. Today’s switches are capable of handling multi-gigabit Ethernet such as 10GbE which is essential for applications like video conferencing, online gaming, and even cloud computing. There are advances to Layer 3 switches that have routing capabilities which report significant reduction in network bottlenecks and improved overall network performance.
Furthermore, managed switches come with QoS (Quality of Service) control, port mirroring, and analytics which allow complete control over network traffic. For instance, QoS allows marking of certain packets as high priority which results in less delay for applications such as VoIP. Research indicates that such likely reduces the downtime by 25% reported in switches that don’t use managed features as compared to those that do.
2. Routers
Routers serve the very important job of enabling data packets to be sent to other networks. Routers operate most commonly and primarily at Layer 3 (network layer) of the OSI model. They allow LANs to communicate with external Wide Areas Network (WAN). Modern routers have been noted to offer advanced features such as protocol support for Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) or Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) which simplifies and improves the scalability of routing in enterprise networks.
New information indicates that the use of dual-band and tri-band routers which utilize 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency bands, can increase the wireless network throughput by as much as 40%. These boosts allow high-bandwidth uses and devices located further away from the access point to receive optimal performance. In addition, more advanced technologies like MU-MIMO (Multi-User, Multiple Input, Multiple Output) help routers to manage multiple connections more efficiently which is beneficial to many smart devices found in modern homes and offices.
Comparative Analysis
In a given network, switches and routers are referred to as complementary devices, with the former dealing with switches focusing on intranet-working while routers deal with inter-networking. While a switch increases the local data transfer rate within the network, a router enables the selection of the most appropriate data path across various networks both locally and globally. Therefore, integrating sophisticated features from both devices will result in an enterprise-grade dependable high-performance networking solution crafted for both businesses and individual consumers.
How Do Routers and Switches Work Together?
Network Functions and Connection Points
Routers and switches work together for efficient network communication. Each device performs a separate task in combination with others to improve overall performance. Routers operate on Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) of the OSI model, and they must relay data frames within a given local network. They find the MAC addresses of networked devices and keep transmitting local data with minimum latency and maximum speed. On the other hand, routers operate on Layer 3 (Network Layer), and their task is to route data packets to and from different networks. They receive the data that needs to be sent, find the necessary destination’s IP address, and open appropriate communication channels.
Further development of these devices has given them improvements like Virtual LAN (VLAN) support in switches, which helps user traffic management, and Dual Band Wi-Fi in routers which enhances wireless connections and improves bandwidth allocation. An example includes modern routers which can support over two hundred simultaneous connections. This feature is important for companies that rely on expandable and uninterrupted networking. Moreover, adding Quality of Service (QoS) on both devices helps serve latency-sensitive applications like VoIP and video conferencing by giving them prioritized bandwidth to reduce disruptions.
The integration of switches and routers allows for the creation of sophisticated scaled network infrastructures like campus networks or hybrid clouds. This integration promotes effective broadcast domain segmentation by switches and wide area connectivity through routers. For example, a gigabit-rated switch and multi-gigabit WAN router will significantly increase data throughput and reduce network congestion during rush hours. These examples highlight the need for synchronization between devices to fulfill complex networking requirements.
Router and Switch Integration Explained
The integration of routers and switches in a network topology provides numerous strategic advantages as far as optimization and reliability is concerned. Modern routers that are Wi-Fi 6 enabled or have multi-gigabit ports provide high bandwidth connectivity, capable of up to 9.6 Gbps data transfer through wireless networks. Coupled with Layer 2/3 switches, these configurations enable full traffic routing and data forwarding at all levels within devices and subnets.
Switches especially the managed ones offer fine-grain traffic control at the subnet level with VLANs, Quality of Service (QoS), and port mirroring. VLANs boost security by segregating traffic for different departments or groups while QoS allows for prioritization of critical applications such as VoIP and video conferencing to enhance performance during peak traffic periods. Industry-grade switches are known to have backplane speeds greater than 400 Gbps which provides enterprises with latency-free access to high data.
Merging advanced switches with reliable routers enables organizations to expand their networks to cope with swift growth. For example, a router with an integrated switch is capable of connecting hundreds of devices without affecting the speed or stability of the network. In addition, the implementation of the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) provides loop data redundancy, preventing data loops and minimizing outages in critical business situations. This implementation boosts organizational efficiency, providing adaptability to rapid shifts in technology and to organizational needs.
Real-world Network Examples
The infrastructure of Amazon Web Services (AWS) is an example of having a robust design for a network. The Over 30 regions and 100 Availability Zones globally allow various applications and services to be accessed with ease. AWS has a Global Network of interconnected Data Centers with low latency, High throughput links, and access to seamless servicing all over the continents. They also utilize Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) which enables them to endure unparalleled demand on their networks while maintaining agility and dependability. The efficient use of redundant pathways alongside their fault-tolerant structures ensures minimal downtime is achieved even in the worst-case scenarios.
Google also employs great examples having custom-built BBR (Bottleneck Bandwidth and Round-trip propagation time) Congestion Control along with its optical Fibers. This setup is fundamental on sup[porting more than 8.5 billion searches a day. The strength of the fiber optic structure enables unmatched performance while amplifying efficiency. It grants Services like YouTube and Google Cloud to consistently offer unhindered access to millions of users simultaneously.
Furthermore, the financial services sector offers unique wisdom when it comes to high-performance network design. To illustrate, the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) operates a low-latency network with nanosecond accuracy for high-frequency trading (HFT) purposes. This system employs low-latency switches with ultra-fast optic links and real-time control systems that guarantee data packets are completed and devoid of delays while transaction integrity and accuracy are preserved. These examples showcase how specific optimized network designs profoundly enable critical business functions across different industries.
What to Consider When Buying Routers and Switches
Product Descriptions and Specifications
While assessing a router and switch combination, I pay particular focus to their performance metrics, scalability, and integration into the current infrastructure. In checking the devices within the network, I consider bandwidth limitation, port density, and throughput to confirm the network requirements and future growth needs. I review device requirements and criteria such as QoS, security measures, and system control ease about their relevance for major applications. Vendor lock-in and support policies along with compliance to industry standards are crucial in my evaluation.
Network Requirements for Family Use
When creating a network architecture for a family, there is a tradeoff between operational efficiency, scalability, and cost. Families are likely to have high-speed broadband internet to enable the concurrent use of multiple streaming, video conferencing, smart home, and gaming services. For moderately used households, a minimum broadband speed of 100 Mbps is usually suggested; however, families with multiple 4K streaming devices or heavy usage should look for plans that 300 Mbps or more.
To adequately fulfill increasing requirements, Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) technology is now commonplace because it provides faster speeds, higher device capacity, and better efficiency with concurrent connections including dual-band and tri-band routers. Enhanced Wi-Fi 6 routers are mandatory to maintain the quality of service for large households or those with multiple devices operating simultaneously.
Ethernet ports for gaming consoles, PCs, and streaming devices are critical for providing greater stability through wired connections. To ensure a family’s data and privacy are secure, security measures such as WPA3 encryption policies and regular firmware updates must be implemented. Finally, to maintain dependable connections throughout the home and eliminate dead zones in larger spaces, seamless coverage via mesh systems or Wi-Fi extenders needs to be put in place.
Professional Network Equipment Selection
When choosing professional-grade network devices, it is important to pay attention to advanced and future-ready connectivity features. An example of this is the addition of Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax). Wi-Fi 6 is more efficient than Wi-Fi 5. It has lower latency, better support for many more devices, and can achieve up to 9.6 Gbps in theoretical speeds, enabling its usage in highly demanding settings such as 4K/8K streaming, online gaming, and smart home integrations.
In highly congested environments with dense devices, MU MIMO (Multi-User Multiple Input Multiple Output) technologies allow multiple devices to serve the same data simultaneously, minimizing bottlenecks in busy networks. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) functionality assigns channels more efficiently for smaller packets across more devices, improving their performance.
Networking experts should not overlook QoS (Quality of Service) settings which prioritize and allocate bandwidth to critical devices and applications, maximizing network efficiency at peak periods. Also, to provide enhanced coverage, mesh networks allow for expansion and seamless scaling. Wi-Fi 6-enabled mesh nodes provide strong signals over large areas, ensuring better usage. About wired links, 2.5G and 10G Ethernet ports are becoming more common and allow faster connections for advanced users like gamers content creators, and businesses that deal with large data transfers. Moreover, Power over Ethernet (PoE) capabilities for IP cameras and access points help reduce the complexity of installation and improve energy use by powering devices through a single cable.
Last but not least, security remains a pillar for professional-grade solutions. WPA3 is an example of a more advanced encryption method that, alongside other measures, guarantees increased security against cyber attacks. Modern security equipment must also comprise intrusion detection systems (IDS), firewalls, and Virtual Private Network (VPN) support to bolster privacy in contemporary networks.
Troubleshooting Common Router and Switch Issues
Connection Problems Between Devices
When fixing problems related to devices being connected, multiple possible issues should be looked into. A frequent problem stems from misconfigured IP address settings. Devices within a single network should be in the same subnet range to allow communication. For example, a device with an IP address of 192.168.1.5 cannot be connected to a device with 192.168.0.10 unless they both share a subnet mask that is permissive, like 255.255.0.0. These considerations can be mitigated by proper configuration of implanted settings in the firm network.
Another common source of problems relating to connectivity is outdated firmware applied to the routers or switches. Firmware updates have been issued by manufacturers to rectify bugs, add functionality, or enhance the information provided. To ensure device compliance with the current requirements, any recent updates need to be obtained and verified. Often special attention must be given to the Montage of the camera’s interface plate. Defective Ethernet cables or faulty ports on routers or switches can stop the flow of information. To these ends, employing cable testers and port LEDs as diagnostic resources is recommended in locating the referred-to problems.
Failure to communicate between devices can also result from network bottlenecks or device resource constraints. For high-traffic environments, routers and switches can be configured with Quality of Service (QoS) settings capable of prioritizing critical data packets to facilitate effective communication for vital devices. Also, the connection between devices can be affected by wireless interference. Interference is lessened and reliability is enhanced by using less crowded Wi-Fi channels or switching to dual-band or tri-band routers.
Lastly, review firewalls and security protocols for potentially conflicting settings. Wrought with overly strict policies, firewalls or intrusion prevention systems can unintentionally hinder vital communication. It is important to modify the rules set on a router and other devices by permitting relevant data to enhance accessibility. Most connectivity problems can be resolved by methodically addressing the factors highlighted above with devices competing for a connection.
Router Configuration Challenges
Among the many technical issues kneading the configuration of routers is the effect it has on a network’s performance, security level, and extensibility, all of which are more pronounced in multifaceted settings. A problem many encounter is related to improperly allocated schemes of IP addresses like the overlap of private IP ranges or the lack of subnetting in big networks. The mismeasured scheme will create problems with set recognition including agreement, disconnection, or device communication. Reports from one other sector say that there is an increase in the taking up of IPv6 as the supply of IPV4 addresses dwindles but it also adds more problems to a system when trying to IPv4 networks.
One more critical challenge is uncontrolled management concerning the settings of network security. Attackers can leverage weak passwords, default username/password pairs, and the lack of enabling encryption mechanisms like WPA3 on wireless networks for routers. They can also capitalize on the command access control lists routers have which leads to dynamic routers and their supportive infrastructure being remotely configured. The increased use of remote working tools and networks has added to the requirement for robust VPN configurations but incorrectly set up VPNs in connections, logic, or permissions tends to hinder or completely stop important networks from functioning.
Although QoS settings have been intended for better management of network resources, they may also result in configuration complications. The imbalance in QoS policies such as Overprovisioning and deprioritizing policies may omit the prioritization of certain fundamental traffic which results in latency in streams for VoIP calls and video calls. Newer studies emphasize that policies for prioritizing traffic should be framed to avoid the clogging of too many signals, particularly as IoT devices worsen the situation regarding available bandwidth.
Finally, issues with the compatibility of software and firmware continue to be a challenge. Incomplete updates to router firmware, or the lack thereof, may result in the introduction of bugs, or incompatibility problems with information hardware and protocols. Research shows that maintaining policies regarding firmware updates lowers the chances of many breaches by nearly 80%, yet a large number of networks still function under outdated systems because of ignored supervision policies. Meeting these challenges calls for a blend of engineering skills, supervision, and the application of proper policies for the continuity of services.
Video Resources and Tutorials
Best YouTube Explanations with Transcripts
How To Understand Network Congestion And QoS
- Channel: Network Direction
- Audience: 2.5M+
- Description: This video covers the essence of Quality of Service (QoS) and its role in controlling network traffic. It explains how to manage critical data flows to reduce latency for VoIP and video conferencing applications. The transcript contains detailed instructions for configuring QoS protocols on various router models, which are very popular.
- Key Insight: The video demonstrates that properly configured QoS can reduce latency spikes by 30% or more, which is impressive for high-demand applications.
Managing Firmware Updates More Effectively
- Channel: Practical Networking
- Audience: 1.1M+
- Description: This tutorial explains how to perform firmware updates on both home and enterprise routers. The transcript explains how to schedule updates, detect incompatibilities, and check the device’s health after the update.
- Key Insight: According to the video, the automation of firmware updates results in about 50% reduction in network downtime in managed environments.
Bandwidth Management And Integration With IoT Devices
- Channel: Tech World EDU
- Audience: 850K+
- Description: This video is meant to solve the problem of merging IoT devices into existing networks without using too much bandwidth. The transcript highlights methods such as isolating IoT traffic through VLANs to reduce interference with other devices.
- Key Insight: The demonstrated techniques can improve bandwidth allocation, with one of the case studies showcasing a 40% reduction in network congestion during peak usage periods.
These materials provide step-by-step guides along with meticulously detailed transcripts aimed at aiding novices and experts alike in enhancing network functionality rooted in sound technical strategy.
Expert Video Comments and Reviews
Network optimization experts appreciated the actionable insights emphasized in the videos, noting their importance to modern industry problems. For example, the discussion on automating firmware updates has received praise for alleviating a significant issue with network administration. Recent research supports the video’s assertions by stating that, when configured properly, automated updates can eliminate as much as 70% of device compatibility problems in multi-vendor settings.
Also effective in addressing industry standards is how clearly the authors explain VLANs for IoT device integration. Respected technical publications report that controlling IoT traffic with VLANs not only helps to reduce interference but also lowers average latency on the network by 25% during peak periods. Moreover, demonstrated bandwidth optimization in real-world case studies has been associated with reduced operational cost, with documents reporting declines in peripheral network infrastructure spending exceeding 15%.
The videos seamlessly integrate practical applications with foundational concepts, making them extremely useful for achieving reliability and efficiency in networks that are responsive to the changing needs of modern infrastructure.
Original Content for Network Understanding
Network load balancing is a technique employed to allocate incoming traffic to multiple servers so system resources are optimally utilized, delays are minimized, and reliability is kept. The main focus is to balance server loads so no single server is overstrained, resulting in performance degradation or server outages.
The advantages include superior performance scalability to meet additional traffic, enhanced application fault tolerance, and high availability. Round-robin scheduling, least connections, and IP hash are some of the strategies, with each one appropriate for a specific scenario depending on traffic tendencies and server setups.
The use of a load balancer, either hardware-based or software-defined, optimizes the network by managing network demand dynamically through traffic redirection based on real-time infrastructure needs. This enables a seamless experience for users.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q: What are the fundamental differences between routers and switches in networking?
A: Routers and Switches have distinct functionalities due to their operations on different OSI layers. A switch operates on Layer 2, the Data Link layer, and within a network connects devices as it forwards data using MAC addresses. Routers operate on Layer 3, the Network layer, and differ as they connect to different networks, using IP addresses to search for the best route for the data packet. Routers provide a larger scope of the network topology in comparison to switches and form the primary network in which multiple networks are connected. Other functions performed by routers that are unlike that of switches are the provision of firewall facilities, NAT, and internet connection.
Q: In what ways does a switch process and view data differently from a router?
A: A switch operates on Layer 2 of the OSI model and deals with the data in the form of frames and MAC addresses. Each switch has a MAC address table and forwards data only to the specific port where the destination device is connected. This Plug-and-Play technology enhances local networks. On the other hand, a router operates on Layer 3 and considers data as packets with IP addresses. Routers check the IP address, look it up in their routing table, and decide the most optimal route to send the packet through various routes and networks. With this type of view of the network, routers can connect separate networks. This is akin to how one might view the world on YouTube, it is filled with so many connected channels.
Q: Can a router replace a switch in a home network setup?
A: Although home routers come equipped with an integrated switch, usually with four ports, a standalone router cannot fully take over a switch’s role in more complex setups. Additional switches are required if the number of devices to be connected exceeds the ports available on your router. Routers are designed to link various networks and offer internet access, while switches streamline an approach to local networks containing numerous devices. The combination of both devices offers the best performance as well as flexibility for accessing and viewing resources, both local and internet, available on the home network.
Q: What factors should I consider when deciding between a router or a switch for my networks?
A: While making decisions, take into account: 1) the size and scope of the network – switches connect multiple devices in one place, routers connect different networks, 2) Connectivity to the internet is a necessity – routers are needed for internet access, 3) Security needs – routers allow for firewall protections, 4) The level of complexity of the network – larger networks may require both, 5) Budget constraints – equipment with an enterprise-grade is more expensive but performs better, and 6) Future growth – consider expansion early on. Content creators who upload original content regularly must ensure sufficient bandwidth through proper network equipment, which is vital to meeting deadlines.
Q: How do managed switches differ from unmanaged switches, and when would I need one?
A: Managed switches permit numerous configuration options for advanced features such as VLANs, port QoS, port mirroring, and extensive network monitoring – all of which offer insights into network performance. On the other hand, unmanaged switches are basic plug-and-play devices that do not offer configuration options. A managed switch is appropriate when there is a need for control at a much finer level concerning network traffic, security, and performance features, especially in more advanced architectures. Creators of original content and enterprises managing sensitive information exploit the advantages of managed switches since they can designate the handling of specific traffic types and security enhancements.
Q: What are the performance considerations when comparing routers vs switches?
A: With regards to performance evaluation, keep in mind: 1) Latency – In most cases, switches will have lower latency than routers because they do not need to operate at the higher network layers, 2) Enterprise switches have a maximum throughput, measured in bits per second, of 100 Gbps, 3) Connection density and the number of ports – these are in most cases, greater in quantity for switches, 4) Processing capabilities – more powerful processing is needed by routers due to the nature of the tasks they perform in routing, 5) Traffic management features – control of the service provided to subordinate streams of traffic where higher importance is given to video teleconferencing over simple Internet Protocol (IP) telephony makes streaming and content upload essential. These aforementioned performance metrics have an acute effect on streaming and upload speeds.
Q: In what way does the security implementation vary on a router and a switch?
A: Routers implement perimeter security with firewalls, NAT (hiding Internal IP addresses), VPN Support, and access control lists that allow traffic filtering between different networks. They protect your network by monitoring traffic entering and exiting your network. Switches enforce security through VLANs (Virtual LANs) that carve out portions of data, port security that disables access from unauthorized devices, broadcast storm control, and MAC address filtering. To achieve the utmost security on either device for business or personal use of proprietary content, both must be properly configured.
Q: How do routers and switches function together in the context of a smart home ecosystem?
A: In the context of smart home technology, routers and switches form a complementary network infrastructure. The router provides a connection between the home network and the internet, as well as Wi-Fi for mobile devices. On the other hand, switches provide additional wired connections to other devices that require stable connections, like smart TVs, gaming consoles, and home security systems. This integration ensures reliability and facilitates smooth streaming of services where you view the world on YouTube, online gaming, smart home automation, and other activities. In larger homes, several switches may be connected to a single router, which serves as a central control point, creating zones of connectivity to ensure optimal network performance throughout the house.
Reference Sources
1. Contemporary Approaches to Monitoring Energy Usage in High-End Routers And Switches
- By: A. Vishwanath and others
- Date Published: July 8th, 2014
- Published In: IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Main Points:
- In this research, the authors proposed a unique methodology to calculate the energy efficiency of Internet devices on the granularity level of packet processing and store-and-forward operations bytes level and developed a new power model to achieve the same.
- Furthermore, the analysis of the various types of routers, and switches substantiates the validity of the claimed results, enabling the enhancement of benchmarking for routers and switches for energy efficiency targeting future generations of Internet devices.
Approach:
- The authors devised a model whereby they try to test the range of energy consumption to different types of routers and switches to determine the energy efficiency measurement(Vishwanath et al., 2014, pp. 1524-1532).
2. Behavioral Security Threat Detection Strategies for Data Center Switches and Routers
- Authors: R. Krishnan et al.
- Date Published: June 30, 2014
- Conference: 2014 IEEE 34th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops
Conclusions:
- The research looks into low-cost Layer 2-4 switch and router behavioral security threat detection mechanisms.
- It also underscores the need to strengthen security by using existing approaches without adding noticeable costs.
Research Design:
- The authors conducted a literature review and a comparative study of various detection approaches and their practical applicability within data center environments (Krishnan et al., 2014, pp. 82–87).
3. Concern Regarding Power Consumption in Next-Generation Switches and Routers
- By: S. Aleksic
- Published on: June 22, 2008
- In: 2008 Transparent Optical Networks International Conference
Major Contributions:
- The focus of the discussion is the growing power consumption needs of high-capacity electronic routers, and considering how some of these functions are mitigated with the help of optical switching technologies.
- It focuses as well on the analysis of numerous design and technology solutions to reduce power consumption in high-speed data transmission.
Methodology:
- The author studied differences between various node architectures and switching strategies in terms of their control power consumption and performance efficiency (Aleksic, 2008, pp. 194–198).
4. YouTube