Unlocking the Potential of GPON OLT: A Comprehensive Guide

This is the article to read if you want to understand GPON Optical Line Terminals more. We will go over what the GPON OLT is, what it does, key factors to keep in mind while buying a GPON OLT, and how to use it, install it, and maintain it. Whether you’re a professional involved in networking, a learner, or a person trying to come to terms with GPON technology, this article will cater to all sorts of audiences due to its wide variety of information, so without wasting much time, let’s unravel together the immense opportunities GPON OLT provides, let’s start this informational journey together.

What is a GPON OLT, and how does it work?

An Optical Line Terminal (OLT) is classified as a GPON device that stands for GPON Optical Line Terminal that provides high-speed access to the internet. An OLT is the connection point for various Optical Network Terminals (ONTs) in a GPON environment. The OLT combines the data traffic from the ONTs and can send the data to corresponding destinations. It also changes electronic impulses into light signals sent out through fiber optics and vice versa. This technology allows users to offer high-speed internet services based on the passive vast area network’s efficiency and capacity. GPON OLTs can attach to multiple ONTs over varying wavelengths, sharing valuable bandwidth over devices. In a nutshell, GPON OLTs act as the intermediary equipment that allows homes, offices, and institutions to get fast Internet access at reasonable prices.

Understanding the GPON Technology

A GPON network, also called a Gigabit Passive Optical Network, employs fiber optic cables to deliver fast internet access to its users. It uses the technology of passive optical networks for efficient and reliable connections. GPON employs wavelength division multiplexing, which permits users to share bandwidth. This technology is critical to providing high-quality and fast internet communication to homes, businesses, institutions, or organizations. Its benefits include improved bandwidth, better scalability, and low costs. Since GPON technology can meet the high demand for quick internet access, service providers will be able to enhance their user experience.

The Role of Optical Line Terminal in Networks

The OLT is an optical line terminal, described as an essential element of the network and part of the infrastructure. It is centralized as an aggregation point for all and facilitates the core service provider network with the customer household through data exchange in both directions. The primary function of OLT is to enable clients to share and use the allocated bandwidth in the best way possible. With the OLT’s use, broadband internet providers can offer high-speed connections to homes, offices, and schools, which is crucial to the users. OLT can ensure network reliability and efficiency, which is needed to fulfill faster internet services at lower costs.

Difference Between OLT and ONT

An Optical Line Terminal (OLT) and an Optical Network Terminal (ONT) have very distinct functions, which sets them apart when looking at the gigabit passive optics network architecture.

• As a core part of network management, the OLT controls the dividing of bandwidth on several ONTs. This is also why it acts as an intermediary for passive optical networks, taking care of the core service provider’s network by deftly sharing bandwidth among users.
• The passive optical network, on the other hand, includes an ONT, which is customer-premise equipment used to transmit and receive information through the GPON network. These networks can be GPON enabled and are normally fixed at the user’s premises, which enables them to easily connect computers or routers to the nGPONs.

In conclusion, the ONT acts between end-users and GPON, while the OLT is responsible for supervising power and bandwidth allocation and providing network access anywhere within the GPON domain.

How does GPON OLT contribute to high-speed internet?

Advantages of Gigabit Passive Optical Network

1. High-Speed Internet: GPON has a great feature as it presents high downstream and upstream rates, which allow for the use of video broadband applications, gaming action in real-time, and cloud computing services.
2. Greater Bandwidth Efficiency: GPON utilizes a point-to-multipoint topology to share bandwidth among a maximum number of users, which assists in effective bandwidth utilization management.
3. Long Reach: GPON is well suited for deployments in both metropolitan and rural areas. It could cover large geographical areas with a significant transmission distance of 20 km.
4. Scalability: GPON allows for increased and expanding networks, which means that the systems can add even more clients without having to make drastic improvements to the existing network framework.
5. Reliability and Security: Security is ensured through GPON’s employed encryption techniques, which render the transfer of information secure and make unauthorized access to private information impossible. Moreover, its more passive nature facilitates the reduction of active electronic components on active network parts, improving the components’ reliability.
6. Cost-Effective: It has been found that GPON’s architecture reduces costs when fiber optic cable is used instead of copper networks, as GPON utilizes a single fiber to serve a number of users.
7. Future-Proof Technology: GPON will be fully compatible and interoperable with further network modernization and improvements thanks to the developed standardized technology base.
8. Green Solution: GPON is environmentally friendly as it consumes less energy than traditional networks.

Through the application of GPON, businesses and end-users are offered fast internet access, greater bandwidth utilization, and a dependable, safe, and economical network for communication and data transmission.

The Impact of GPON on Data Transmission

In the past, the telecommunications industry tried different engineering approaches to increase the available bandwidth, and GPON, which stands for Gigabit Passive Optical Networks, is one of them. Telecommunication networks are continuously evolving. Let us discuss how GPON has changed data transmission across the world and explore its advantages. 

GPON technology is expected to enable network snipes of 1.25 Gbps, while downstream speeds may touch as high as 2.5 Gbps. If a technology like the gpkn is reliable and affordable, it will likely enhance the consumer and user experience. Internet users will know that these speeds will make streaming, downloading, or shifting data smooth and seamless. 

Multiple forms of IOT-connected devices enable a wide array of users to access the same physical resources through GPON-enabled networks. GPON networks utilize an efficient approach to managing the allocated bandwidth and using the demand, at this time, the division multiplexing technique (TDM) is employed. 

The application protocols utilized by VLANs allow sensitive information transmitted across different networks to be secured by GPON. GPON networks deter and protect their users from unknown threats by providing tools that enable data encryption alongside supporting virtual, local area network segregation for added privacy.

Another advantage of GPON is its expansion capability. GPON’s long-range support enables a wide geographical area to be covered with a large capacity to accommodate more users. GPON networks are also easily expandable and upgradeable to accommodate new business requirements, allowing new services and technologies to be readily provided.

In conclusion, GPON technology changes the way information is transmitted because it provides high-speed transmissions, maximizes bandwidth utilization, is equipped with suitable security mechanisms, and is elastic. Through its applications, businesses and end users can access an efficient, high-performance network that conforms to the requirements for contemporary communication and data-heavy processes.

Utilizing PON Ports for Enhanced Connectivity

Considering a network setup in the context of fiber optic broadband technology, PON ports are equally instrumental in enabling effective connection options. PON ports, part of the network architecture, serve as the link for data exchange between the Optical Line Terminal and the Optical Network Units or ONT at the customer site. Using PON ports allows companies to access reliable and high-speed internet broadband. These ports enable data, voice, and video services to end users, all through one fiber optic cable, with efficient bandwidth use, low delays, and excellent security features. 

While planning to use PON ports for better connectivity options, it is imperative to comprehend the fundamental features of GPON OLT (Gigabit Passive Optical Network Optical Line Terminal). The role of GPON OLT SFP (Small Form-Factor Pluggable) modules, deciding on the best PON port to operate in an 8-PON port OLT configuration, and considering low price versus performance considerations will streamline the selection of the best GPON OLT to serve most of the set network needs.

The combination of G-PON deployment and setting up businesses with PON ports provides high-speed, scalable, secure connectivity, enabling them to meet the high-speed requirements of modern communication and data-intensive applications.

What are the key specifications of a GPON OLT?

Essential Features of GPON Optical Line Terminals

It is vital to examine the specification criteria thoroughly to develop the right GPON Optical Line Terminal (OLT), as it will determine the optimization and compatibility of the device to one’s network demands. Regardless of the type of network architecture, some important features should be sought after in a GPON OLT. They are as follows:

1. PON Port Capacity: The amount of PON ports available in the OLT determines the maximum capacity the OLT can support in connecting ONUs, which run parallel. When purchasing an OLT, ensure the number of PON ports meets your current network size while also being able to support future expansions and is capable of supporting gigabit connections.
2. Throughput and Bandwidth: The maximum data limits for the OLT to function are specified by its throughput and bandwidth capacity. The higher the throughput, the more data can be transferred, and likewise, the greater the bandwidth, the faster the data transmission, further enhancing the efficiency of data transfer, especially in bandwidth-sensitive applications. 
3. Redundancy and High Availability: Consider looking for OLTs with redundancy capabilities, whether for power supply or link redundancy, to keep the network connected when a component fails.
4. Management and Provisioning: It is advised to look for OLTs that have a compliant interface with user standard protocols, a feature set of management, basic monitoring capabilities, and troubleshooting protocols, as these prove beneficial in simplifying network management.
5. Security and Quality of Service (QoS): Some QoS capabilities enable an application’s partial service to be sustained during overload because they give precedence to certain types of traffic that are essential to that application. The combination of user authentication, access control, and encryption provides robust security measures against unauthorized access and ensures the integrity of the data.
6. Scalability: Look for an OLT with expansion capabilities to meet future growth needs and changes in network requirements. Already installed services are not interrupted because new PON cards or modules are inserted or plugged into scalable OLTs.

Considering the features above and verifying that they are compliant with your network’s needs enables you to choose a GPON OLT that offers dependable, high-performance connectivity well suited to modern communication and data-demanding applications.

Importance of GPON OLT SFP Modules

GPON OLT SFP modules are significant for GPON systems since they ease data transmission through a fiber optic cable. Essentially, these modules connect the OLT and the ONUs or the CPE devices used at the subscriber end. The reasons as to why GPON OLT SFP modules are essential are: 

1. High Internet Access: TV, internet, and voice are all readily available with the use of GPON OLT SFP modules, which perform data transfer without an issue.
2. Flexibility: GPON OLT SFP modules are easily upgradeable, and better yet, they can be replaced. As a result, the modules help network operators expand the module distance required for the network.
3. Interoperability: When it comes to GPON systems, OLT SFP modules follow the set specifications, which means they are likely to be compatible with multiple vendors. Thus, network operators are not locked to one manufacturer.
4. Reliability and Performance: Data transmitted in GPON OLT SFP modules is guaranteed to be precise and efficient due to these devices’ strict adherence to industry testing procedures. More specifically, these modules are capable of executing VLAN settings without errors.

Finally, to optimize modern communication and data-heavy processes, the GPON SFP OLT modules must increase network efficiency while being obtained from the highest-quality manufacturers. The modules provide fast data speeds, scalability, and flexibility for a seamless experience.

Integration with Optical Network Units (ONU)

To accomplish an efficient GPON network, the integration of GPON OLT modules and Optical Network Units is essential, with the ONU as an endpoint device linking the customer to the GPON. In light of this, some considerations that need to be integrated into the OLT-ONU connection include:

1. Interoperability: The compatibility of the GPON OLT and the ONUs is pertinent to the integration. Subsequently, the GPON standard requirements of the ONUs and the GPON OLT specifications must be considered. 
2. Data Transmission Efficiency: The integration of the OLT and the ONUs must aim for effective transmission. This entails signal quality, delays, and throughput rate to ensure that the connection provided is reliable and high-performing.
3. Flexibility and Scalability: Another important consideration in the integration process is scalability. Any customer within the other locations of the network should be able to add, change, or remove ONUs without a negative impact on the network’s functioning, assuming the correct transceivers are in place.
4. Management and Provisioning: Better integration is needed for effective management and provisioning of the ONUs, which in turn allows network administrators to monitor and configure the devices properly.

Based on the factors above, the operators of the GPON networks would be able to achieve seamless connectivity, efficient data, and robust management within the GPON network.

How do you choose a GPON OLT that fits your network needs?

Evaluating Compatible GPON and Compliant Hardware

Picking a GPON OLT (Gigabit Passive Optical Network Optical Line Terminal) that best suits your network requirements can significantly assist in developing a strong and robust network infrastructure. However, to make the right decision, an analysis must be made concerning the compliance and compatibility of the hardware with the standards set by the industry. Here are some key considerations: 

1. Interoperability: Check that the GPON OLT can interface with numerous ONUs from diverse manufacturers. This capability enhances the potential for network growth and device integration. 
2. Standards Compliance: Determine whether the GPON OLTs comply with the international standards set, such as the ITU-T G.984, which facilitates interaction with other devices and is reliable. Adherence to these standards enables smooth interaction with different elements of the network and minimizes future risk to the network infrastructure. 
3. Scalability: What is the GPON OLT’s capability for accommodating future expansion? It must incorporate the appropriate number of PON (Passive Optical Network) ports applicable to the network’s existing and anticipated requirements. This ensures that new and existing ONUs can be connected and disconnected without affecting other operations within the network.
4. Management and Provisioning: Examine the management and provisioning functions of GPON OLTs. In this case, it would be reasonable to seek OLTs equipped with effective management and configuration features supporting administrative network control and allocation of ONU resources. 

GPON network operators should always check hardware compatibility and compliance to ensure appropriate interconnection, data communication, and management in their GPON networks.

Understanding 8 PON Port OLT Configurations

Proper OLT (optical line terminal) configuration is critical for user connectivity and data transmission within a set GPON network (Gigabit Passive Optical Network. An 8 PON Port OLT configuration increases expandability and software space, enabling network operators to plan for the present and the future. Incorporated are some key considerations when grasping the meaning of 8 PON Port OLT configurations. 

• Scalability and Flexibility: With the use of 8 PON port OLT, one can connect up to 8 independent PONs passive optical networks that can be used at a single time. This allows the network to be increased without interrupting access to the network, and the number of optical network units can be increased or decreased. 
• Throughput and Bandwidth: Each 8 PON Port OLT configuration port provides high-speed transmission between ONUs and the OLT, greatly enhancing ONU spread out densely in city blocks. The enlarged bandwidth enables the smooth running of the more data-intensive applications. 
• Redundancy and Reliability: Most 8 PON Port OLT configurations use redundancy conversion mechanisms, backup power supplies, and redundancy hardware components. These measures ensure minimal disruption of services to the end users while increasing the network’s reliability.

Bridging the utility and functions of an 8 PON port OLT arrangement, network administrators can make sound decisions during the establishment of their GPON networks. This configuration combines the flexibility, performance, and scalability needed to respond to contemporary data communication requirements without compromising the network infrastructure’s reliability and robustness.

Cost vs. Performance: Finding the Lower Price Options

Finding a reasonable tradeoff regarding performance and cost becomes necessary when installing and maintaining GPON OLT, as it is crucial for a network association. Performance and reliability are key; however, reducing costs provides operators with efficient solutions. To put the matter into a better context, presented below are some considerations to keep in the architecture:

• Pricing of Equipment: It is important to gather information regarding GPON OLT providers, their costs, and their functions. Your network will require a number of necessities, and they must be achieved in relevance to the cost being incurred.
• Total Cost of Ownership (TCO): Only considering the costs of purchase is not the right approach. Other factors, such as maintenance and licensing, also need to be considered. Since most vendors offer various other services, it would be safe to consider long-term expenses when considering a purchase. 
• Scalability and Flexibility: Always look at the future picture. Network growth is inevitable, so a solution’s GPON OLT needs to be growth-friendly. Design structures that are modular in nature allow for more flexibility during manual equipment maintenance.
• Energy Efficiency: Energy-efficient items greatly help decrease power usage, which in turn decreases a firm’s electricity consumption. Keeping an eye out for energy-efficient GPON OLT devices would be a good strategy to help with operational costs as well in the long run.
• Vendor Reputation: Conduct research regarding the reputation and history of GPON OLT vendors. Search for anything, including customer feedback, case studies, and industry certifications, to verify whether the vendor is credible and has a good return on investment. 

After analyzing these parameters, network operators can look for reasonably priced GPON OLT alternatives that still deliver compliant performance within the boundaries of economic profitability for their network infrastructure.

What are the installation and maintenance considerations for GPON OLT?

Setting Up a GPON Network

While establishing a GPON network, a couple of points need to be considered. Being an operator, I know that careful planning outlines a set of crucial steps that must be adhered to during the process. These steps are as follows:

1. Network Design: The process starts by designing the network, which includes factors like coverage area, number of subscribers, and bandwidth requirements. This makes it easier to decide the positioning of the GPON OLT and ONUs in the network.
2. OLT Installation: Place the GPON OLT equipment in a dry, ventilated, and cool environment. Read and follow the manufacturer’s instructions regarding power and network requirements to install the device properly.
3. Fiber Optic Cabling: High-grade fiber optic cables connect OLT to ONUs to minimize signal loss and maximize quality. However, even with proper termination and splicing, testing the cables after use is crucial.
4. Configuration and Provisioning: Appropriate settings are chosen for VLANs, service-use profiles, and the quality of the GPON OLT. Each ONU is provisioned with settings that are ideal for each individual subscriber.
5. Network Performance Check and Commissioning: Validate data transfer and throughput and conduct tests to assess signal parameters, latency, and the system’s functional capabilities to perform end-to-end network verification.  
6. Network Security Protocols: Delimit the network by enforcing access control and encryption to avert unauthorized access and other potential risks the network could face.

Bear in mind that setting up a GPON network is complex and demands minimum requirements and knowledge of best practices. Engaging with professional installers and certified suppliers is also highly beneficial to ease the network’s setup while maintaining high operational standards.

Maintaining Optical Transceivers and Fiber Optic Cables

To ensure the uninterrupted work of the GPON network, a network specialist needs to sustain the optical transceivers and fiber optic cables continually. This considerably lowers the chance of downtime occurring. Having mentioned that, here are the best practices to follow to maintain the components:

1. Always Check and Wash the Optical Transceivers: Inspect transceivers for damages and rubble before using them, and use appropriate cleaning tools to establish clear optical connections and mitigate signal degradation.
2. Always Monitor the Transmitter Power: Note the optical transceiver’s signal strength and any deviations that occur during use. If the deviations are from the norm, adjust the power as required.
3. Safeguard the Fiber Cables: Fiber cables should be protected from excessive force and extreme temperatures, as they are vulnerable to physical damage and loss of signal.
4. Carry out Regular Cable Testing: Use proper equipment to test fiber optic cables. Examine the strength of the signal and see whether there are any issues like attenuation or cable breaks. After identifying any issues, ensure that they are solved on the spot.
5. Organize and Manage the Cables: Use cable management systems to organize and sustain all of your cables. Preventing tangling will reduce the amount of force applied to the connections and aim to make maintenance and locating faults easier.

Keep in mind that the maintenance of optical transceivers and fiber optic cables is a detail-oriented task that is also governed by higher standards of the industry. Regular inspections, cleaning, monitoring, and testing will go a long way to ensure the sustainability of your GPON network.

Troubleshooting Common GPON OLT Issues

In my professional capacity as a GPON OLT technician, I’m proficient and adept at addressing and juggling several synchronic issues, and thus, here are a few tips I can share regarding GPON OLT connectivity issues: 

1. GPON OLT Power Cycle: Sometimes, a simple turn-off and on resolves temporally related glitches or software-related bugs. In such cases, I advise turning off the GPON OLT and switching it back on for a few seconds. This will help restore normal functioning. 
2. Check Fiber Connectivity: Always ensure the adopter and OLT ports are firmly fastened so there is no damage or loss due to faulty connecting. Also, remember to change connectors and cables immediately if they notice any loose connections. 
3. Monitor Signal Quality and Strength: Test whether the signal strength is enough and constant during OLT transmission using reliable equipment—such as a POL, Shrink-top, and OTDR. Remember to fix any bends, folds, or breaks in the signal and ensure that all parts transport the signal without any delays. 
4. Troubleshoot Assumption of Problems: Check whether the GPON OLT’s configuration settings, including VLAN settings, IP address assignments, and port configurations, align with your assumption and the requirements of the tested sites connected to the ONTs.
5. Look for Firmware Upgrades: Make sure you periodically check for firmware updates for the GPON OLT. Usually, newly released firmware fixes existing issues, boosts the system’s performance, or increases security. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions on firmware and other systems properly to avoid damaging the device.

When dealing with GPON OLT challenges, remember that a good network engineer possesses the necessary skills and follows best practices. For intricate and continual issues, it is wise to get the help of a professional network engineer or even reach out to the product’s customer care for assistance.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q: Give a brief description of GPON OLT and its functions. 

A: The fiber optic network GPON OLT (Gigabit Passive Optical Network Optical Line Terminal) is the equipment central to its functioning. It takes an optical signal from one optical fiber and transmits data to multiple end-users. The service provider network accepts the OLT and employs multiplexing techniques to forward the ONUs or ONTs of GPON located in the PMR in the upstream direction, where data is transmitted from the customer premises to the service provider’s network. 

Q: In what ways or means does GPON OLT benefit the access deployment? 

A: GPON OLT offers benefits about the access network, including, but not limited to, downstream bandwidth of 2.5 Gbps, upstream bandwidth of 1.25 Gbps, a range of up to 20 km, and users that can connect to it through a single fiber using an optical splitter. It also makes dynamic bandwidth assignments, aids in mitigating network resource wastage, and lowers the operational cost of the service providers.

Q: What is the difference between a GPON ONU and an Optical Network Terminal (ONT)?

A: GPON ONU and ONT are devices under the GPON umbrella, but both serve slightly different functions. An ONU (Optical Network Unit) is a device that generally translates optical signals into electrical ones, and in most cases, this unit needs additional components to deliver services. An ONT (Optical Network Terminal) is an upgraded version of an ONU, encompassing numerous functions. An ONT ensures that signals are converted without fail while also being outfitted with mini interfaces, such as Ethernet ports, VoIP ports, and sometimes Wi-Fi, making it suitable for end-user applications immediately.

Q: What is the function of an Optical Splitter in a GPON network?

A: An optical splitter is a passive component within the Optical Distribution Network (ODN) that functions as a path divide for the signal being used, ranging from the OLT, which may use a singular fiber to support numerous ONUs or even ONT. Depending on the strength of the divider, such as 1:8, 1:16, or even 1:32, the number of fibers a single OLT would use would differ, as would the number of ONT and ONU connected to it.

Q: Which do you think performs better regarding performance and compatibility, GPON or EPON?  

A: GPON and EPON are passive optical network technologies but differ. In GPON, which the ITU-T regulates, the bandwidth equals 2.5/1.25 Gbps, while EPON has a symmetric rate of 1.25 Gbps. GPON is also more efficient when it comes to data transmission. However, they are not directly interoperable because they employ Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and different wavelengths. Nowadays, GPON is the most common access technology, with more users worldwide, especially in telecommunication networks.  

Q: Regarding GPON OLT, what are the most common Defining Attributes of Interfaces?  

A: A typical GPON OLT contains a range of interfaces for connecting to the broader network. These often include one or several GPON ports with GPON SFP transceivers for GPON connections, uplink ports, for instance, 10G Ethernet, which connects them to the core network, and various management interfaces. There are also other OLTs with eight ports or more for use in applications to connect to multiple ODNs. The interfaces depend on the model and manufacturer of the OLT.

Q: What is the role of OLT in bandwidth distribution in the GPON network? 

A: In GPON architecture, the OLT utilizes Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation technologies, allowing it to share current bandwidth with connected ONUs per traffic requirements. ONUs are signal instruments allocated fixed bandwidths by the OLT based on their service needs. With the help of control signals, which OLT maintains, the information center optimally connects with the ONUs and updates their bandwidth per their demand. This bandwidth allocation guarantees the demand for network instances and the effect quality. 

Q: What are the ultimate parameters to regard sincerely while getting GPON transceivers for OLT?

A: In MTTF for OLT, the distance required, transmission type, output, input devices, and target rate must be considered. GPON transceivers for an OLT have a variety of parameters to choose from and are somewhat geared for specific requirements. Nonetheless, other characteristics are essential in prophetic today, such as operating temperature and form factor, which ensures the point of attachment functioning is met. These factors form the basic guideline for efficiently suited GPON transceivers required for the OLT.

Reference Sources

1. A Study Of GPON Enabled Fiber To The Tower Network-Your Paper

• Authors: Ardimas Aji Nugroho, Dadiek Pranindito and Eka Wahyudi. 
• Posted date: August 31, 2023 
• Summary: This paper discusses implementing and analyzing a fiber-to-the-tower (FT) network in conjunction with GPON technology. It addresses bandwidth allocation issues and the effect of splitters on service delivery. The work includes mathematical power link budgets and simulations to quantify performance metrics such as Bit Error Rate (BER) and Q factor.
• Methodology: For network performance assessment, multiple simulations and mathematical analyses were performed with specific emphasis on the power link budget and evaluating the performance of several splitter configurations (Nugroho et al., 2023).

2. Estimating GPON Capacity through a Hybrid Ratio Based on Customer Segmentation in the Case of Indonesia’s Covid-19 Pandemic

• Authors: Gunadi Dwi Hantoro, P. Priambodo, G. Wibisono
• Publication Date: July 30, 2022
• Summary: This research’s main focus is enhancing GPON networks through the adoption of different splitting ratios in relation to customer segmentation. The authors recommend a hybrid ratio to cope with the situation revealed during the pandemic, which is increased network service consumption.
• Methodology: The authors used a mix of real-world data collection and simulation experiments to test the selected splitting ratios’ effectiveness to the network’s capacity (Hantoro et al., 2022).

3. In the direction of complete virtualization of GPON

• Titulo do Autor: Nguyen Tai
• Data de Publicacao: 15 January 2022
• Summary: This paper demonstrates rather concrete GPON function implementations in an SDN and fully virtualized framework. It highlights the opportunity to integrate embedded control functions into GPON networks to improve service automation and management.
• Methodology: Este trabalho consistiu no desenho e implementacao de Arquitetura VA, assim como nas atividades de testagem funcional e de desempenho com o objetivo de validar as solucoes propostas (Tai, 2022).